打雷是生(sheng)活中很普(pu)遍的(de)一個自然現(xian)象。眾(zhong)所(suo)周知，雷電(dian)放電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中，瞬(shun)間放電(dian)會(hui)產生(sheng)強(qiang)烈的(de)電(dian)磁浪涌(yong)(yong)沖擊(ji)(ji)波，其(qi)通過(guo)戶外傳輸線路(lu)、設備間的(de)連接線以(yi)及電(dian)力線侵入設備，使(shi)得串接在線路(lu)中間或終(zhong)端的(de)電(dian)子(zi)設備遭受到損害。高(gao)浪涌(yong)(yong)高(gao)電(dian)壓高(gao)電(dian)流，這對于(yu)電(dian)子(zi)設備而(er)言，是毀滅(mie)性的(de)破壞。為此(ci)，針對雷擊(ji)(ji)浪涌(yong)(yong)所(suo)帶來(lai)的(de)高(gao)電(dian)壓高(gao)電(dian)流，工(gong)程(cheng)師會(hui)根(gen)據客戶的(de)產品(pin)類(lei)型、防護(hu)(hu)等級進行(xing)防雷擊(ji)(ji)浪涌(yong)(yong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)方案設計(ji)及電(dian)路(lu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)件(jian)選型推薦。

常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)子設(she)備(bei)危害并不是(shi)直接由于雷(lei)(lei)(lei)擊(ji)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而是(shi)由于雷(lei)(lei)(lei)擊(ji)發(fa)生時，在電(dian)源和通訊線路中感應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪(lang)涌(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)壓電(dian)流(liu)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。為此，如果電(dian)源和通訊線路沒有(you)(you)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防雷(lei)(lei)(lei)擊(ji)浪(lang)涌(yong)(yong)(yong)保護措施的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，將(jiang)導致(zhi)巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬間能量闖(chuang)入到家電(dian)產品或通訊設(she)備(bei)上，造(zao)成設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)壓或過(guo)電(dian)流(liu)損(sun)壞，影(ying)響(xiang)人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正常生活。為此，為了防止電(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)免受雷(lei)(lei)(lei)擊(ji)浪(lang)涌(yong)(yong)(yong)損(sun)壞，防雷(lei)(lei)(lei)擊(ji)浪(lang)涌(yong)(yong)(yong)保護解決方案(an)一直是(shi)電(dian)子工程師(shi)尤其關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防護重(zhong)點之一。

被動元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一直默(mo)默(mo)無(wu)聞地為(wei)各(ge)類設(she)備提供雷(lei)擊浪(lang)(lang)涌(yong)、過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流等保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)作用(yong)(yong)，為(wei)主動元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)及整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、設(she)備安全保(bao)(bao)(bao)駕(jia)護(hu)(hu)(hu)航。在防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)雷(lei)擊浪(lang)(lang)涌(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)方案中(zhong)，一般(ban)采用(yong)(yong)多級防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)原則，第一級選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)吸收(shou)(shou)能量大(da)且(qie)響應(ying)速(su)度(du)慢的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，第二(er)級選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)選(xuan)吸收(shou)(shou)能量大(da)且(qie)響應(ying)速(su)度(du)一般(ban)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，第三(san)級選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)吸收(shou)(shou)能量小且(qie)響應(ying)速(su)度(du)最快的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)雷(lei)擊浪(lang)(lang)涌(yong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)中(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)到(dao)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有：開關(guan)型(xing)(xing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)雷(lei)限壓保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（陶瓷氣體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)GDT、半導(dao)體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)TSS等）、鉗位型(xing)(xing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)雷(lei)限壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（壓敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻MOV、瞬態抑制TVS二(er)極管(guan)等）、過(guo)(guo)流保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（自恢復(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險絲PPTC）、防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（ESD靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)二(er)極管(guan)）。

陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)管：是通(tong)流量最大的保護器(qi)件，具有(you)通(tong)流量大、極(ji)(ji)間(jian)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻大、極(ji)(ji)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容小、漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小等優點。由于陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)管的導通(tong)為氣(qi)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)離形成導電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)道，要較(jiao)大的能(neng)量去激發(fa)它(ta)，有(you)一個能(neng)量累(lei)積的過(guo)程。為此，陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)管的響應速度是所(suo)有(you)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保護器(qi)件中最慢的。

壓敏電(dian)阻：以氧化(hua)鋅(xin)為材料燒結而(er)成的半(ban)導體限壓型(xing)浪(lang)涌器(qi)件(jian)。憑(ping)借(jie)優(you)異的非線性特性、超強的浪(lang)涌吸(xi)收能力(li)、無續流(liu)、價格低等(deng)優(you)勢，廣泛應用于電(dian)子電(dian)路(lu)中進(jin)行防浪(lang)涌過電(dian)壓保護。缺(que)點是鉗位電(dian)壓較高(gao)、響應時間較長(chang)、寄生(sheng)電(dian)容(rong)大等(deng)等(deng)。

TVS二極管(guan)：是一(yi)種高效能的新型電(dian)路(lu)保護器件，具(ju)有超快的響(xiang)應速度、瞬(shun)態功率大、鉗位電(dian)壓(ya)低、電(dian)壓(ya)精度高、擊穿電(dian)壓(ya)偏差小、體(ti)積小、高可靠性等優點，常應用于(yu)直(zhi)流電(dian)源線或低速通信(xin)線路(lu)的浪(lang)涌(yong)防護。

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