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眾所周知，汽(qi)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統，是(shi)由發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和汽(qi)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)系統大部分中(zhong)(zhong)組成，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，是(shi)車輛(liang)正常運作(zuo)時(shi)車輛(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器負載所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)來源，其(qi)重要(yao)性也(ye)就不(bu)言而喻了。同時(shi)，汽(qi)車在(zai)行駛(shi)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)工況復雜性，導致汽(qi)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產品(pin)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)環(huan)境(jing)極(ji)其(qi)惡劣，從(cong)根本上就要(yao)求汽(qi)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產品(pin)要(yao)有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)抗沖(chong)擊和抗干擾能力(li)，特別是(shi)典型拋(pao)負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓脈沖(chong)。何(he)為拋(pao)負載呢？對(dui)正在(zai)運行中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)負載突(tu)然切斷時(shi)，會出(chu)現(xian)高浪涌(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓切持續時(shi)間很(hen)長，這種現(xian)象稱為拋(pao)負載現(xian)象。

汽(qi)車(che)拋(pao)負載產生原因和危害

拋負(fu)載(zai)有單(dan)拋和雙拋之分，僅切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)為(wei)負(fu)載(zai)單(dan)拋；僅切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為(wei)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)拋；同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)稱為(wei)雙拋。，目前，汽車中(zhong)采用的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)都(dou)是三相同(tong)步交流(liu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，在(zai)突(tu)然斷(duan)(duan)開負(fu)載(zai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，會導致交流(liu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)定子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)急劇(ju)下降，然而定子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)不能(neng)突(tu)變，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，定子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)中(zhong)就會感(gan)應(ying)產(chan)生(sheng)一個(ge)阻止其減小(xiao)的(de)瞬態(tai)(tai)脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。在(zai)這同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)勵磁繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較大(da)，相應(ying)會產(chan)生(sheng)一個(ge)瞬態(tai)(tai)高(gao)壓。

可見，拋負(fu)載電壓實(shi)際上是定子(zi)繞組(zu)的(de)瞬態(tai)過(guo)(guo)(guo)壓和勵(li)磁繞組(zu)的(de)瞬態(tai)過(guo)(guo)(guo)壓兩部分組(zu)成(cheng)。拋負(fu)載電壓會通過(guo)(guo)(guo)線束(shu)系(xi)統輻射到(dao)車(che)輛上的(de)任何一個用電器系(xi)統和控制器系(xi)統，承受拋負(fu)載高脈沖(chong)電壓的(de)沖(chong)擊，此時拋負(fu)載保護措施做(zuo)得不到(dao)位的(de)話，會導致車(che)載電器和控制器的(de)失靈甚(shen)至(zhi)永久性損壞。

汽車拋負(fu)載測試標準

汽車(che)系統(tong)的供電(dian)來(lai)源于發(fa)電(dian)機和蓄電(dian)池，行駛中的汽車(che)供電(dian)會發(fa)生很多(duo)瞬變(bian)狀況，車(che)載電(dian)器系統(tong)和控制(zhi)器系統(tong)的設計工程(cheng)師需要做好(hao)電(dian)路保護安(an)(an)全措施來(lai)應對(dui)這(zhe)些瞬變(bian)，降低汽車(che)制(zhi)造商保修和服務成本的同時，提高(gao)汽車(che)性(xing)能和安(an)(an)全性(xing)。

針(zhen)對(dui)汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子產品，ISO國(guo)際標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化組織很(hen)早就有相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，如ISO 7637 -2標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，適用于道路(lu)車輛——由(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)導和(he)耦合(he)引起的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁騷擾——第(di)2部分：沿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源線的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瞬態傳(chuan)(chuan)導，規定12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)系統(tong)和(he)24V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)系統(tong)的(de)道路(lu)車輛沿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源線的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)(chuan)導騷擾及其抗擾度(du)的(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗等級和(he)測量(liang)方法。其中脈沖波形5A和(he)5B兩(liang)種標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)是最具(ju)破壞(huai)性測試(shi)(shi)(shi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗，也是最難通過的(de)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。很(hen)多汽車廠家(jia)和(he)相(xiang)關(guan)配套商(shang)被這標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)絆住了前進的(de)腳步，針(zhen)對(dui)汽車拋負載，該如何順(shun)利通過7637測試(shi)(shi)(shi)，該如何設計(ji)保護方案(an)？

東沃拋負載(zai)方案為汽車保駕護航

東沃電子FAE工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師陳工(gong)(gong)表示(shi)：“汽車(che)拋負(fu)載，主要是受最大電壓(ya)、內阻(zu)和持續時(shi)間(jian)等(deng)三方(fang)面因素影響，如何(he)控制這三者之間(jian)的(de)綜(zong)合(he)影響就是我們汽車(che)拋負(fu)載保(bao)護的(de)關鍵(jian)！”做了拋負(fu)載保(bao)護措施后，在規定脈沖下經(jing)過多次(ci)相(xiang)關實驗，才能證明這個(ge)保(bao)護是合(he)格有效的(de)。

東沃(wo)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)，業(ye)內知名的電(dian)(dian)路(lu)保(bao)護(hu)器件和保(bao)護(hu)方案提供商，在汽車電(dian)(dian)子(zi)保(bao)護(hu)這塊璀璨奪目。精湛的技術水(shui)平(ping)，雄厚(hou)的研發團(tuan)隊，專(zhuan)業(ye)的EMC實驗室，免(mian)費(fei)(fei)提供ISO 7637-2 測試(shi)，免(mian)費(fei)(fei)設計電(dian)(dian)路(lu)保(bao)護(hu)方案，免(mian)費(fei)(fei)供應電(dian)(dian)路(lu)保(bao)護(hu)器件產品，客戶的認可(ke)和支持，是東沃(wo)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)最大的欣慰。 

在汽車(che)(che)拋負(fu)載(zai)保(bao)護(hu)方面，東沃電子TVS管保(bao)護(hu)方案是各大(da)車(che)(che)廠使(shi)用率最高(gao)的拋負(fu)載(zai)保(bao)護(hu)方案。具(ju)體汽車(che)(che)拋負(fu)載(zai)保(bao)護(hu)方案詳(xiang)情，東沃電子等(deng)您(nin)來分(fen)享。